The History Of Medicare And The Social Security Act

On July 30, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed legislation creating the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The passage of Medicare and Medicaid had a storied history before it crushed the walls that had separated the federal government and the U.S. healthcare system. Historically, the prevailing thought of many Americans up until the 1920’s and 1930’s was that medical care was largely a private transaction between a medical practitioner and a patient. This doctor-patient relationship was sacred and there was no need for the federal government to intervene in this relationship (Berkowitz, E., 2005). The Social Security Act of 1935, signed into law by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR), gave rise to many of the federal and state†¦show more content†¦The Second World War time-period influenced the transitioning attitudes of Federal officials working in Washington and administering the programs created by the Social Security Act. Come 1939, Europe had entered World War II and the U.S. entered the war at the end of 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Federal officials started favoring the Federal government instead of the States as preferred administrators of health insurance and other forms of social insurance (Martin, P. P., Weaver, D. A., 2004). Some programs, such as unemployment insurance, were run by the States with Federal oversight, whereas other programs were administered at the Federal level, such as â€Å"old-age† insurance. As time passed, States became regarded by Federal officials as â€Å"unreliable and inefficient partners† (Martin, P. P., Weaver, D. A., 2004). President Harry Truman publicly endorsed support following legislative proposals for national health insurance both in 1945 and 1948. These legislations now featured Federal rather than State administration. National health insurance transitioned from being formerly linked with the States and the unemployment insurance program, to now being associated with the old-age insurance or the Social Security program (Martin, P. P., Weaver, D. A., 2004). Unfortunately for President Truman, timing was not on hisShow MoreRelatedEssay on Social Security1184 Words   |  5 Pages Social Security nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Social Security is a public program designed to provide income and services to individuals in the event of retirement, sickness, disability, death, or unemployment. In the United States, the word social security refers to the programs established in 1935 under the Social Security Act. Societies throughout history have devised ways to support people who cannot support themselves. In 1937 the government began issuing Social Security identification cardsRead MoreU.s. 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Crossed ABCs Book Report - 851 Words

A is for Aberration. An aberration is someone who has done something bad to lose his or her place as a Citizen. Ky had become a second generation Aberration meaning it was someone before him to do something to disrespect his family. B is for Bram. Bram is Cassia’s younger brother, whom she left, along with the rest of her family to find Ky. C is for Compass. Ky gave Cassia his compass, an Artifact from his parents that Cassia traded for information on Anomalies, which she thought would help her find Ky. D is for Dystopia. The Society was supposed to be a perfect world, but it turned out to be worse than the ways people used to live. E is for Escape. Cassia escaped from the Society to find Ky, who was taken away by the Officials. F is for Farmers. During her journey, Cassia came across an abandoned town where the farmers (Anomalies that fled the Society early on) once lived. G is for Grandfather. He was Cassia’s idol. He influenced her and taught her to be strong. 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Why Is Testing Stage of Sdlc so Important Free Essays

Why is the testing stage of systems development so important? November 2012 Introduction †¢ Systems Development Lifecycle †¢ Types of SDLC †¢ Stages of SDLC †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Waterfall method Testing Programme Testing Acceptance Testing Limitations of Testing Case Study 1: University of Salford Case Study 2: Knight Capital Group Summary Conclusion References Systems Development Lifecycle †¢ Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the process of developing information systems through various stages from identifying initial requirements through analysis, design, testing, mplementation and maintenance. †¢ Many different models but each generally consists of a series of defined steps or stages. Laudon Laudon (2006) Types of SDLC †¢ Waterfall †¢ Fountain †¢ Spiral †¢ Rapid prototyping †¢ Incremental Bocij et al (2006) Waterfall †¢ One of the oldest, best known †¢ Lin ear sequential set of phases †¢ Review at end of each phase before moving on to the next †¢ Logical chain of events, e. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Testing Stage of Sdlc so Important? or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. programming cannot begin until specification completed †¢ Many different versions †¢ Many critics – does not work? Laplante Neill (2004) Dennis et al (2008) Stages of SDLC Vary according to the methodology used but usually some variation of the waterfall method which has Galin (2004) served as a framework for others. †¢ Systems analysis – identify problems establish requirements †¢ Systems Design – create design specifications †¢ Programming – translate design specification into code †¢ Testing †¢ Conversion – plan conversion, train users †¢ Production Maintenance – operate, evaluate and modify the system Laudon Laudon (2006) Testing Why test? System should be tested to ensure that it meets the requirements laid out at the start of the process. Develop a test plan †¢ Involve users as well as developers †¢ Simulate data and test system processes e. g. entering a new record, inserting incorrect data Laudon Laudon (2006) Test Plan Test Number Purpose of Test Test Data Expected Result Actual Result 1 Test the validation rule on the â€Å"Date of Birth† field to ensure tha t valid dates of birth can be entered. 15/02/1988 Accepted Accepted 2 Test the validation rule on the Date of Birth field to ensure that a date in the future cannot be entered. 14/10/2013 Rejected Accepted Adapted from: Laudon Laudon (2006) Testing 2 basic phases of testing: programme testing – ensures that the programmes work as expected in controlled environment †¢ acceptance testing – ensures users are able to use the system and that it operates as expected when in use. Laudon Laudon (2006) Programme Testing 3 phases †¢ unit testing – individual modules of the system are tested for any potential errors in the code. †¢ integration testing – to check the modules work together as expected †¢ complete system testing – see how all the components will work under various conditions Bocij et al (2006) Acceptance Testing User Acceptance Testing (UAT) by actual end users of the ystem to determine how well it meets their expectations and requirements. †¢ alpha testing – using simulated data †¢ beta testing – using actual data – final stage before implementation Bocij et al (2006) Acceptance Testing †¢ Security testing – whether security policies have been implemented as intended †¢ Recovery testing – how the system reacts when it has been forced to fail †¢ Performance testing – in different environments †¢ Stress testing – attempts to â€Å"break† the system by not following guidelines. Looks at how the system performs under heavy demand. Bocij et al (2006) Limitations of Testing Impossible to guarantee that once a system is tested it will work exactly as expected †¢ Too many factors to carry out exhaustive testing †¢ It is often given insufficient importance and other stages overrun at the expense of testing †¢ Cannot rule out unforeseen problems further down the line BUT: Gives a good idea, identifies major err ors Morris (2005), Bocij et al (2006) Case Study 1 – Careers Service †¢ New system to manage Careers Service appointments, workshops and events †¢ Alpha testing revealed few errors which were resolved †¢ Beta testing revealed significant issues re: student status, ducation details, appointment booking abilities †¢ Issues were resolved and pilot system launched †¢ Phased implementation. Testing continues†¦ Case Study 2 – Knight Capital Group †¢ Trading US equities electronically (high frequency trading) †¢ Dormant software from a legacy system inadvertently reactivated †¢ Multiplied stock trades by 1000 †¢ 45 minute delay in shutting down the system †¢ Proper testing and â€Å"appropriate market simulations† †¢ Estimated $440M loss Detterman (2012), Ruhle, Harper and Mehta (2012) Summary †¢ Defined SDLC †¢ Types Stages of SDLC †¢ Types of Testing †¢ Limitations of Testing Case studie s demonstrate importance of thorough testing Conclusion †¢ Testing reveals any errors and incompatibilities †¢ Essential to ensure they can be corrected before implementation †¢ Testing is a continual process. There needs to be a cut off point before implementation but it can (and should) continue †¢ Testing is critical because it is the only way to determine whether the system operates to requirements and actually works! Laudon Laudon (2006), Cervone (2007) References Cervone, H. F. (2007),†The system development life cycle and digital library development†, O CLC Systems Services, Vol. 3 Iss: 4 pp. 348–352 [online]. Available from: [Accessed 12 November 2012] Dennis, A. , Wixom, B. H. Roth, R. M. (2008) Systems Analysis and Design, 4th Edn, Oxford: Wiley Detterman, E. (2012) â€Å"Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Case Study – Result = $440m Loss. † Solid Logic Technology. 12 August 2012 [online]. Available from: [Accesse d 11 November 2012] Galin, D. (2004) Software Quality Assurance: from theory to implementation. Harlow: Pearson Education Laplante, P. A. Neill, C. J. (2004), â€Å"The Demise of the Waterfall Model Is Imminent† and Other Urban Myths†, ACM Queue, Vol 1, No. 10 [onliine]. Available from: [Accessed 12 November 2012] Laudon, K. C. and Laudon, J. P. (2006) Essentials of Management Information Systems: Organization and Technology in the Networked Enterprise, ninth ed. , New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Morris, S. , (2005) â€Å"Software Development Cycle†, Tessella Support Services plc, available at http://www. tessella. com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/softwaredevelopmentcycle. p df [accessed 12 November 2012] Ruhle, S. Harper, C. Mehta, N. (2012) Knight Trading Loss Said to Be Linked to Dormant Software. Bloomberg. 14 August 2012. [online] Available from: {Accessed 01-11-2012] How to cite Why Is Testing Stage of Sdlc so Important?, Essay examples